{"id":38036,"date":"2019-10-29T17:30:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-30T00:30:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/?p=38036"},"modified":"2021-09-20T09:18:48","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T16:18:48","slug":"phenylalanine-9-health-benefits-phenylalanine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/phenylalanine-9-health-benefits-phenylalanine\/","title":{"rendered":"Phenylalanine: Potential Benefits + Foods &#038; Side Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Found in many foods, this amino acid builds important neurotransmitters and proteins. Phenylalanine has potential health benefits for the skin and brain, but some people should avoid it by all means. Read on to find out if it\u2019s right for you.<!--more--><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"What_is_Phenylalanine\"><b>What is Phenylalanine?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Phenylalanine is an amino acid that builds proteins, neurotransmitters, and other crucial molecules in your body. The body can\u2019t produce phenylalanine, which makes it an essential amino acid we need to get from food [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/pr\/journal\/v44\/n6\/full\/pr1998581a.html\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4897092\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Nutritional supplements can contain different forms of phenylalanine with unique mechanisms and health effects &#8211; we\u2019ll dive into details about each one.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Structure\"><b>Structure<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_70274\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-70274\" style=\"width: 480px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-70274 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/1600px-PhenylalaninL-und_D-Phenylalanin_V1-480x129.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"129\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/1600px-PhenylalaninL-und_D-Phenylalanin_V1-480x129.png 480w, https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/1600px-PhenylalaninL-und_D-Phenylalanin_V1-1024x276.png 1024w, https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/1600px-PhenylalaninL-und_D-Phenylalanin_V1.png 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-70274\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phenylalanin(L-und_D-Phenylalanin)_V1.png<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Phenylalanine molecule has 2 different forms, L- and D-phenylalanine, which are \u201cmirror images\u201d with the same structure. As you can see in the image above, they are only differently oriented in space [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/dl-phenylalanine\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><b>L-phenylalanine<\/b> is the active form that occurs naturally in a variety of foods. Your body uses it to make proteins and other molecules [<a href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/L-phenylalanine\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18642934\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><b>D-phenylalanine<\/b> is the synthetic form made in the lab. Your body partly converts it to the L-form or eliminates it via urine, but it also has some specific health effects discussed below [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6851137\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/D-phenylalanine\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Supplements can contain either form or a mixture of their equal amounts, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/dlpa-dl-phenylalanine\/\">DLPA (DL-phenylalanine)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Snapshot\"><b>Snapshot<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><b>Proponents:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Helps with vitiligo<\/li>\n<li>May help with depression<\/li>\n<li>Supports fat burning<\/li>\n<li>May reduce substance dependence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b>Skeptics:<\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>May cause nausea<\/li>\n<li>Dangerous for people with phenylketonuria<\/li>\n<li>Has mixed effects on blood pressure<\/li>\n<li>Interacts with Parkinson\u2019s disease treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Phenylalanine_Foods\"><b>Phenylalanine Foods<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Most <b>protein-rich foods<\/b> contain decent amounts of L-phenylalanine. These include [<a href=\"https:\/\/ndb.nal.usda.gov\/ndb\/nutrients\/report?nutrient1=508&amp;nutrient2=&amp;nutrient3=&amp;&amp;max=25&amp;subset=0&amp;offset=0&amp;sort=c&amp;totCount=4971&amp;measureby=g\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/9814366\">R<\/a>]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eggs<\/li>\n<li>Milk and dairy products<\/li>\n<li>Legumes (beans and peanuts)<\/li>\n<li>Sunflower and sesame seeds<\/li>\n<li>Red meat and poultry<\/li>\n<li>Fish<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Eating a variety of good protein sources will grant you an optimal phenylalanine intake.<\/p>\n<p>People with an inborn metabolic disorder called <b>phenylketonuria (PKU)<\/b> should avoid all foods and supplements high in phenylalanine (more details in the \u201c<b>Side Effects and Precautions<\/b>\u201d section) [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4728993\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Health_Benefits\"><b>Health Benefits<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<aside class=\"sh-partner shp-form sponsored sh-et-7388fa\">\n  <div>\n          <div class=\"partner-heading\">Get 36 Natural Remedies To Reduce Anxiety<\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"partner-content\">\n      <p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Download the Stress Less guide to discover natural supplement and lifestyle recommendations designed to help you beat stress and improve your mood.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"subscribe-form-container\">\n      <form method=\"POST\" action=\"\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38036\" class=\"sh-subscribe-form\">\n        <input type=\"email\" name=\"subscribe_form_data[email]\"\n            pattern=\"^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&\u2019*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$\" required\n            placeholder=\"Enter your email\">\n                  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscribe_form_data[tags][]\" value=\"SH Optin: Stress Less E-book\">\n                  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscribe_form_data[tags][]\" value=\"SH Optin: PartnerAd Stress Less\">\n                  <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"subscribe_form_data[tags][]\" value=\"PartnerAd\">\n                <button type=\"submit\" class=\"btn btn-primary subscribe-submit\">Reduce Stress<\/button>\n      <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n          <style>aside.sponsored.sh-et-7388fa::before{content:\"Advertisement\"}<\/style>\n<\/aside>\n<h3><span id=\"How_It_Works\"><b>How It Works<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_70275\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-70275\" style=\"width: 696px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-70275 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Phenylalanine-1024x561.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"696\" height=\"381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Phenylalanine-1024x561.png 1024w, https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Phenylalanine-480x263.png 480w, https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/app\/uploads\/2017\/06\/Phenylalanine.png 1138w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-70275\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: N.V. Bhagavan, Chung-Eun Ha, in Essentials of Medical Biochemistry, 2011<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Joined with other amino acids, L-phenylalanine builds proteins that support the structure and delicate functions of the entire body.<\/p>\n<p>L-phenylalanine converts to another amino acid, <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/8-proven-health-benefits-tyrosine\/\">tyrosine<\/a>, which further gives [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/pr1998581z\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7766968\">R<\/a>]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/dopamine\/\">Dopamine<\/a>, epinephrine, and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/norepinephrine-stress-hormone\/\">norepinephrine<\/a> (key neurotransmitters and adrenal hormones)<\/li>\n<li>Melanin (skin pigment)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/thyroid-hormones-t4t3\/\">Thyroxine<\/a> (thyroid hormone)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It also boosts the release of <a href=\"http:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/good-bad-effects-cck\/\">CCK<\/a>, a hormone that reduces appetite [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18342398\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Thanks to these complex roles, L-phenylalanine may impact mental health, cognition, skin appearance, weight control, and more.<\/p>\n<p>The body can\u2019t use the other, D form of this amino acid as a building block. Instead, D-phenylalanine combats inflammation and increases natural <a href=\"http:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/why-the-ice-bucket-challenge-is-so-popular-it-functions-like-heroin\/\">opioids<\/a>, which control pleasure, pain, immunity, and mood [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6128872\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2568989\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Possibly_Effective\">Possibly Effective:<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span id=\"1_Vitiligo\"><b>1) Vitiligo<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease in which cells that make the skin pigment <b>melanin <\/b>gets destroyed. As a result, melanin content drops and parts of the skin lose color [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5362109\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>L-phenylalanine converts into melanin and acts as a natural remedy for vitiligo [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26329814\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>In a study of 70 vitiligo patients, a combination of topical (10% gel) and oral (100 mg\/kg daily) L-phenylalanine showed promising results. It recovered skin color in <b>90% of the patients<\/b> when added to standard treatment with <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/avoiding-sun-will-kill-14-proven-science-based-health-benefits-sun\/\">UV light<\/a> and medications [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12847735\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Other trials with over 270 vitiligo patients confirmed the beneficial effects of phenylalanine creams and supplements in combination with UV therapy [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2583897\/\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/14693493\/\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/8186511\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"2_Depression\"><b>2) Depression<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>L-phenylalanine<\/b> enables the production of mood-boosting neurotransmitters such as <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/dopamine\/\">dopamine<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/norepinephrine-stress-hormone\/\">norepinephrine<\/a>. Low brain levels of these chemicals often lurk behind the symptoms of depression [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/pr1998581z\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2630359\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>A diet devoid of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan may impair mood and increase irritability. According to a review of clinical data, these amino acids may help with mild to moderate depression [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10633491\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10696120\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>In one clinical trial with 155 depressed patients, a combination of L-phenylalanine (250 mg daily) and standard treatment was beneficial in <b>80-90%<\/b> of the cases [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6425455\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Blood and urine levels of phenylalanine tend to be lower in depressed patients than in healthy people. Supplementation with L-phenylalanine improved mood in <b>31\/40<\/b> such patients [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3944066\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>A supplement with both forms, DL-phenylalanine (DLPA), has also shown positive results in depression. <b>DLPA<\/b> (150-200 mg daily) had the same effect as an antidepressant, imipramine, in a study of 40 depressed people [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/387000\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2044814\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>In two more clinical trials, it removed the symptoms of depression in 29\/43 patients and provided moderate improvement in 4 cases [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/335027\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1173765\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>However, most of the above studies are over 40 years old and lack placebo controls.<\/p>\n<p>D-phenylalanine alone provided no benefits in 11 depressed patients. It even worsened the condition in 2 cases [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/7435725\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<div class=\"sh-summary\"><div class=\"sh-summary-content\">Low-quality clinical evidence suggests that L-phenylalanine and DLPA may help with mild-to-moderate depression. Further research is warranted.<\/div><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Insufficient_Evidence\">Insufficient Evidence:<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>No valid clinical evidence supports the use of phenylalanine supplements for any of the conditions in this section. Below is a summary of up-to-date animal studies, cell-based research, or low-quality clinical trials which should spark further investigation. However, you shouldn\u2019t interpret them as supportive of any health benefit.<\/i><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"3_Weight_and_Appetite_Control\"><b>3) Weight and Appetite Control<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Many supplements are promoted to stimulate weight loss, but none of them has yet been supported by strong clinical evidence and approved by the health authorities. A healthy, calorie-controlled diet and increased physical activity remain the only proven strategies for weight control [<\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/healthy-lifestyle\/weight-loss\/in-depth\/weight-loss\/art-20047752\"><i>R<\/i><\/a><i>].<\/i><\/p>\n<p>In two studies of 52 women, mega doses of L-phenylalanine (10 g) reduced food intake by 11-15%. The effects depended on dietary habits and the phase of the menstrual cycle. Women might respond better to appetite suppressants in the first half of the menstrual cycle (follicular phase), but more research is needed [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18342398\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18206190\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17684511\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/17924776\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>In over 300 obese adults, supplements with L-phenylalanine significantly reduced belly fat when combined with <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/top-14-proven-health-benefits-exercise-references-mechanisms\/\">exercise<\/a> and dieting, <b>but they didn\u2019t cause weight loss<\/b> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5833794\/\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/10345151\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Other ingredients in these supplements &#8211; such as <a href=\"http:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/l-arginine\/\">arginine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/chromium\/\">chromium<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/health-benefits-inulin\/\">inulin<\/a> &#8211; have likely contributed to the results.<\/p>\n<p>Pre-exercise supplementation with 3 g of L-phenylalanine enhanced fat burning in six volunteers. A mixture containing this amino acid showed the same results in 10 people [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5596463\/\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26252574\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<div class=\"sh-summary\"><div class=\"sh-summary-content\">According to limited clinical evidence, L-phenylalanine can reduce appetite and stimulate fat burning, but it doesn\u2019t seem to support weight loss.<\/div><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"4_Substance_Dependence\"><b>4) Substance Dependence<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Our internal opioids don\u2019t just block pain signals, they regulate a deep-seated reward system in our brain that makes certain things enjoyable [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6324644\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>D-phenylalanine may increase our internal opioids. This effect could be of use in people who have suppressed internal opioids due to substance dependence and withdrawal [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6128872\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/27107994\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>In a study on 20 patients struggling with alcohol withdrawal, a supplement with D-phenylalanine, <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/5-htp-serotonin-depression-risks-benefits\/\">5-HTP<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/15-proven-health-benefits-glutamine\/\">glutamine<\/a> greatly reduced their psychiatric symptoms and stress [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22397264\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The effect was likely due to increased brain levels of dopamine and enkephalins.<\/p>\n<p>A group of scientists observed the ability of D-phenylalanine and hydrocinnamic acid to reduce alcohol addiction in mice by recovering internal opioids [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2829941\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Recent research has hypothesized that D-phenylalanine (DPA) and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/nac-top-25-science-based-health-benefits-n-acetyl-cysteine-nac\/\">N-acetylcysteine<\/a> (NAC) may work in synergy to relieve addictions. NAC balances <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/glutamate\/\">glutamate<\/a> in the reward system and counteracts DPA\u2019s dopamine stimulation. As a result, dopamine levels stay in the optimal range [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4760695\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Clinical trials are yet to confirm the safety and efficacy of this combination.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"5_Parkinsons_Disease\"><b>5) Parkinson\u2019s Disease<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As mentioned, L-phenylalanine is a precursor for dopamine, a vital neurotransmitter that\u2019s deficient in Parkinson\u2019s disease. This fact has inspired some research in the past, but the potential benefits of phenylalanine for this indication are still in the domain of theory [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/989014\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Phenylalanine can even interact with a drug for Parkinson\u2019s disease and thus cause variations in treatment response (more details in \u201c<b>Drug Interactions<\/b>\u201d below).<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Possibly_Ineffective\">Possibly Ineffective:<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span id=\"Pain_Management\"><b>Pain Management<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>D-phenylalanine<\/b> boosts natural opioids &#8211; beta-endorphins and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/enkephalins\/\">enkephalins<\/a> &#8211; which play a central role in pain management. Some doctors have been using it as an add-on supplement for different types of chronic pain since the \u201880s, sometimes in combination with <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/what-is-acupuncture-how-does-it-work\/\">acupuncture<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/2934746\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>However, clinical trials are less encouraging.<\/p>\n<p>In one study of 56 patients who underwent a tooth extraction, D-phenylalanine supplementation (4 g) increased the effects of <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/acupuncture-benefits-mechanisms-risks\/\">acupuncture<\/a> anesthesia by 35%. It provided a 26% improvement in another study of 30 patients with lower back pain, <b>but the authors found it non-significant<\/b> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1978503\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>It offered <b>no significant benefits<\/b> to 30 people with chronic pain. A study on monkeys also found a weak effect on pain [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3524509\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/030439598690045X\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Studies on rats and mice suggest mild pain-killing effects of D-phenylalanine, alone and in combination with other drugs [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1818326\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/B9780444804020500954\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<div class=\"sh-summary\"><div class=\"sh-summary-content\">Some doctors reported success with phenylalanine as a complementary approach to pain management, but available clinical evidence doesn\u2019t support this.<\/div><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Attention_Disorders\"><b>Attention Disorders<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>L-phenylalanine helps in the formation of dopamine, which plays a vital role in mental health and <a href=\"http:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/improve-focus-attention\/\">attention<\/a>. Low dopamine levels may trigger ADHD symptoms [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4074363\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>DLPA supplement (1200 mg daily for 2 weeks) improved the symptoms such as anger, restlessness, and poor concentration in 19 adults with ADD. However, <b>three months after the study, the beneficial effects disappeared<\/b> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3903813\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>A review of clinical trials found<b> no significant benefits <\/b>of phenylalanine for ADHD [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19344299\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<div class=\"sh-summary\"><div class=\"sh-summary-content\">Phenylalanine doesn\u2019t seem to be effective for attention disorders.<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Phenylalanine_Side_Effects_Safety\"><b>Phenylalanine Side Effects &amp; Safety<\/b><b> <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>All supplement forms were safe in clinical trials and didn\u2019t cause significant side effects. However, L-phenylalanine did cause nausea in higher doses [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/18342398\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/12847735\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3296793\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/1173765\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/335027\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>According to the FDA, L-phenylalanine is <b>\u201cgenerally recognized as safe\u201d (GRAS)<\/b> in foods and supplements [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.320\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Diabetes_Risk\"><b>Diabetes Risk<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In 1680 young adults, increased intake of aromatic and <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/bcaas-health-benefits-bcaa\/\">branched-chain amino acids<\/a> was associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance\/\">insulin resistance<\/a> and a higher risk of diabetes. The connection was stronger in men and included [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3579331\/\">R<\/a>]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Phenylalanine<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/tyrosine-8-proven-health-benefits-tyrosine\/\">Tyrosine<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/leucine-health-benefits-side-effects\/\">Leucine<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Isoleucine<\/li>\n<li>Valin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span id=\"Effects_on_Blood_Pressure\"><b>Effects on Blood Pressure<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>There is public concern about the potential of phenylalanine to raise blood pressure, but studies reveal mixed effects.<\/p>\n<p>An observational trial with over 4,000 patients showed a connection between increased intake of phenylalanine and high blood pressure. However, no controlled clinical trials have confirmed this effect. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29208471\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, phenylalanine reduced blood pressure and protected blood vessels in multiple studies on rats [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11780312\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15167268\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6018612\/\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/11324549\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Additional studies should cast more lights on these contradicting findings.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Phenylketonuria\"><b>Phenylketonuria<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>People with a rare inborn metabolic disorder &#8211; <b>phenylketonuria (PKU) <\/b>&#8211; are unable to break down phenylalanine properly. The buildup of this amino acid, in turn, causes brain damage and cognitive impairment [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28552082\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19191004\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20123477\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The disorder occurs due to an inherited lack of <b>phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH)<\/b>, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. <b>PAH deficiency<\/b> is a milder form in which patients can metabolize small amounts of phenylalanine [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/20301677\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Phenylketonurics should follow a special low-protein diet to minimize the intake of phenylalanine. Obviously, they should steer clear of all phenylalanine supplements [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21153445\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/medlineplus.gov\/phenylketonuria.html\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><b>Aspartame<\/b> is an <a href=\"http:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/interesting-facts-artificial-sweeteners\/\">artificial sweetener<\/a> that contains phenylalanine. Sugar-free items such as diet soda (and chewing gum) may contain it.<\/p>\n<p>All foods and drinks with added phenylalanine or aspartame must have a warning label for people with phenylketonuria.<\/p>\n<p>Besides the strict dietary regimen, scientists are developing new treatment options for this disorder, including gene therapy [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4279156\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Drug_Interactions\"><b>Drug Interactions<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><i>Supplement-drug interactions can be dangerous and, in rare cases, even life-threatening. Always consult your doctor before supplementing and let him know about all drugs and supplements you are using or considering.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Phenylalanine interacts with <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/l-dopa-levodopa\/\">L-DOPA<\/a>, a drug for Parkinson\u2019s disease. It hinders the transport of L-DOPA to the brain, which may cause sharp changes in a clinical response known as the \u201con-off\u201d phenomenon [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/6694694\">R<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>The fact that some people use phenylalanine supplements for Parkinson\u2019s disease makes this interaction particularly important and dangerous.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Sensitive_Groups\"><b>Sensitive Groups<\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Children seem to tolerate phenylalanine well, but they should take it under medical supervision. <b>Pregnant women should avoid all phenylalanine supplements until we know more about their safety.<\/b> Mothers with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid phenylalanine supplements by all means [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/19344299\">R<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/3296793\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Phenylalanine_Supplements_Reviews\">Phenylalanine Supplements &amp; Reviews<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><i>Phenylalanine supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use. In general, regulatory bodies aren\u2019t assuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of supplements. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><i>The opinions expressed in this section are solely from the users who may or may not have a medical background. SelfDecode does not endorse any specific product, service, or treatment. Do not consider user experiences as medical advice. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice because of something you have read on SelfDecode.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Both L- and D-phenylalanine usually come in <b>500 mg pills<\/b>. Bulk powder with L-phenylalanine is also available.<\/p>\n<p>Users report positive experiences with L-phenylalanine for depression, anxiety, and mental clarity. However, many people had no benefits from this supplement, and some even experienced mood swings and headaches.<\/p>\n<p>People take D-phenylalanine for chronic pain, and most of them are satisfied with the results. Others mention it improved their focus and energy.<\/p>\n<p>For DL-phenylalanine supplements and user reviews, <a href=\"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/blog\/dlpa-dl-phenylalanine\/\">check out our DLPA article<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Phenylalanine_Genetics\"><b>Phenylalanine Genetics<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Variants in the gene that codes for <a href=\"https:\/\/selfdecode.com\/gene\/pah\/\">phenylalanine hydroxylase<\/a> (PAH) are associated with phenylketonuria. In a clinical trial with 160 subjects, the SNPs <b>EX6-96<\/b> and <b>R243Q<\/b> were the most common PAH variants among phenylketonurics [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21811977\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Other common variants in this gene have been linked to memory performance in healthy people. In a study on 600 adults, those with the \u201dGG\u201d genotype on rs2037639 had worse verbal memory [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3733818\/\">R<\/a>].<\/p>\n<div class=\"sh-summary\"><div class=\"sh-summary-content\"><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Takeaway\">Takeaway<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Phenylalanine builds neurotransmitters and proteins that support mental health and metabolism. Protein-rich foods such as eggs, cheese, beans, and meat are excellent sources of this amino acid.<\/p>\n<p>Phenylalanine may help with vitiligo and improve depression treatment. There\u2019s insufficient evidence for weight control, substance dependence, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. It probably won\u2019t work for pain management and attention disorders.<\/p>\n<p>Supplements are likely safe for healthy adults. Pregnant women, children, and people taking drugs for Parkinson\u2019s disease should avoid them. People with phenylketonuria can\u2019t metabolize phenylalanine. They should avoid all sources of this amino acid and follow a special low-protein diet. Make sure to consult your doctor before supplementing.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Found in many foods, this amino acid builds important neurotransmitters and proteins. Phenylalanine has potential health benefits for the skin and brain, but some people should avoid it by all means. Read on to find out if it\u2019s right for you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15399,"featured_media":70277,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[360,15594],"tags":[279],"yst_prominent_words":[1385,501,26090,1708,12348,26089,21138,26093,21099,3247,9489,26091,21093,5344,511,515,529,26088,26092,2368],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38036"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15399"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38036"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38036\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":115213,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38036\/revisions\/115213"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/70277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38036"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38036"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38036"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/selfhacked.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=38036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}