This article is for informational purposes only. The current coronavirus outbreak is an ongoing event and certain details may change as new information comes to light. No effective or FDA-approved products are currently available for the treatment of the new coronavirus. Overall, the best preventive measures you can take against COVID-19 are basic standard precautions, including social distancing, hand washing, and avoiding touching your face.

Does Marshmallow Have a Role in the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Not to be confused with the confectionery treat, the marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis) has been used as a traditional herbal medicine since ancient times [R].

Fun fact: the confectionery form used to be made from the marshmallow plant, although today’s marshmallow treats no longer contain any trace of the plant.

Extracts from the marshmallow plant are purported to help with several conditions, such as constipation, ulcers, and inflammation.

There is also some evidence that marshmallow may help with cough, reduce lung inflammation, and have antimicrobial effects, which makes this plant an exciting candidate for future research on respiratory conditions.

That said, there is no evidence yet that marshmallow can treat or prevent the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this article, we’ll go over how marshmallow extracts may interact with the immune system and lung health.

How Can Marshmallow Help?

Cough

Clinical studies suggest that marshmallow plant extracts may reduce the severity and duration of dry cough, a common symptom of COVID-19 [R].

For instance, one study of 822 patients with dry cough due to throat irritation found that marshmallow lozenges and syrup helped improve cough symptoms within 10 minutes [R, R].

In another study looking at 313 children, a marshmallow extract syrup reduced the intensity and frequency of dry coughing associated with throat irritation [R, R].

Several other clinical studies have found similar results in adults and children [R, R].

How exactly does the marshmallow plant help suppress coughing?

According to some scientists, certain compounds inside marshmallow may interact with serotonin receptors, which play a role in the body’s cough reflex [R].

Lung Inflammation

There is evidence that certain compounds inside marshmallow (including polysaccharides and flavonoids) have anti-inflammatory effects [R, R].

One rat study examined the

The post Can Marshmallow Help with Coronavirus (COVID-19)? appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Marshmallow?

Overview

Not to be confused with the sweet confectionery treat, the marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis) has been used as traditional herbal medicine since ancient times [R].

Did you know? The marshmallow treat used to be made from the marshmallow plant, although today’s marshmallow treats no longer contain any trace of the plant.

Extracts from the roots, leaves, and flowers of the plant have several purported benefits and are used to treat various ailments, such as sore throat, cough, and ulcers [R].

According to research, the compounds inside marshmallow may indeed have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cough-suppressing properties [R, R, R].

However, there are few studies performed in humans. More clinical research is needed to fully evaluate the potential health benefits of the marshmallow plant.

Components

The marshmallow plant contains several compounds that have significant biological activity, including [R]:

• Mucilage polysaccharides
• Pectins
• Flavonoids
• Phytosterols
• Tannins

The biological activity of these compounds may, in part, be responsible for the health benefits of marshmallow.

For example, mucilage polysaccharides have demonstrated potent cough-suppressing properties in animal studies [R].

Snapshot

Proponents

• May help suppress coughing
• May promote skin lesion healing
• May improve breast engorgement
• May have anti-inflammatory effects
• May have antimicrobial effects
• May help prevent ulcers

Skeptics

• Lack of clinical research
• Studies are based on different formulations
• Supplements are not standardized

Purported Health Benefits of Marshmallow

Insufficient Evidence For:

The following purported benefits of marshmallow are only supported by limited, low-quality clinical studies. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of marshmallow for any of the uses listed below. Remember to speak with a doctor before taking marshmallow. It should never be used as a replacement for approved medical therapies.

1) Cough

Clinical studies suggest that marshmallow plant extracts may reduce the severity and duration of cough [R].

For instance, one study of 822 patients with dry cough due to throat irritation found that marshmallow lozenges and syrup helped improve cough symptoms within 10 minutes [R,

The post 6 Health Benefits of Marshmallow + Dosage & Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

This article is for informational purposes only. The current coronavirus outbreak is an ongoing event and certain details may change as new information comes to light. No effective or FDA-approved products are currently available for the treatment of the new coronavirus (also known as SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV), although research is still ongoing. For now, the best preventive measures you can take against COVID-19 are standard precautions, including social distancing, hand washing, and avoiding touching your face.

Oregano Use Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Oregano is a plant from the same family as mint. Many oregano species exist, but the one you’re most likely to encounter in groceries and health stores is Origanum vulgare [R].

Besides being a culinary herb, oregano and its essential oil are packed with active compounds. Many of these are being researched for their medicinal properties, including antioxidant polyphenols and potentially microbe-fighting phenols (carvacrol and thymol) [R, R].

Thanks to its nutrients and antioxidants, oregano is probably a good addition to any diet. People around the Mediterranean have been using it for millennia. Inhabitants of Ancient Greece and Rome, for example, used oregano as an antiseptic and wellness booster [R].

In the West, oregano essential oil has become a popular remedy during the cold and flu season. That doesn’t mean taking oregano can prevent or treat coronavirus, though. We can only gather clues from prior studies that tested oregano against viruses that are similar to the coronavirus strain we’re faced with right now.

How Oregano Affects Antioxidant Defense & Inflammation

Antioxidants support general health and immune function, potentially helping prevent chronic diseases. Staying healthy is paramount amid the current pandemic. Recent data reveal that healthy people are less likely to experience COVID-19 complications and die from it [R].

Oregano is rich in plant-based antioxidants. Even small doses of oregano (1 g/day) can provide a significant amount of these compounds, according to some studies. Its most important antioxidants are polyphenols like rosmarinic acid [R, R, R].

In one experiment on mice with colitis, essential oils of thyme and oregano reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, and IL-6) [R].

Cytokines are mostly inflammatory messengers, and they seem to play a big

The post Can Oregano Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)? appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Reishi?

Ganoderma lucidum/“Lingzhi” (soul/spirit) mushroom, commonly known as “Reishi mushroom”, is a potent fungus that has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Proponents claim it is especially good at modifying the immune system by increasing it when weakened, or lowering it when it is too active [R].

It has 400 different bioactive compounds reported to have a number of potential effects including modification of the immune system, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anti-oxidative [R].

Snapshot

Proponents

• May boost the immune system
• May reduce inflammation and oxidative damage
• May help fight cancer and infections
• May protect the heart, liver, and kidneys

Skeptics

• Insufficient evidence for all benefits
• Sometimes tested as part of multiherbal complexes
• Might over-activate the immune system

Health Benefits

Insufficient Evidence for:

The following purported benefits are only supported by limited, low-quality clinical studies and some animal and cell research. Although some results are promising, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of reishi mushroom for any of the below-listed uses. Remember to speak with a doctor before taking reishi supplements and never use them as a replacement for approved medical therapies.

1) Boosting the Immune System

Most people have heard about reishi for balancing immunity. Studies have identified high amounts of compounds that may strengthen the immune cells and improve general immune system health [R].

Two clinical trials on 75 people with advanced-stage cancer showed that both reishi mushroom extract and complex carbohydrates isolated from this fungus increased the counts of several immune cells (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD56+) and the blood levels of several cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-gamma), but decreased IL-1 and TNF-alpha [R, R].

In a clinical trial on 40 male soccer players on a training program to improve endurance performance (‘living high-training low’), reishi mushroom helped correct the reduction in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio caused by the training. The authors suggested this may help the players fight infections [R].

The post 10 Reishi Mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) Benefits, Dosage appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Astragalus?

Astragalus is a large genus of around 3,000 species belonging to the legume family Fabaceae. This plant is a native to the temperate regions in the Northern hemisphere. Common names include milkvetch (most species), locoweed (some species in North America) and goat’s thorn.

Astragalus root is a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), where it is also known as Huang Qi.

It is also used as a “Qi tonifier” in the oriental system of medicine [R].

Most Astragalus supplements contain Astragalus membranaceus and are marketed as life-prolonging extracts for human use.

The root is the only part of the plant used medicinally and is usually harvested from 4-year old plants. Herbalists call astragalus an “adaptogen”.

Snapshot

Proponents:

• Boosts the Immune system
• Helps combat infections
• Has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
• Protects the kidneys and heart
• May have anticancer effects

Skeptics:

• Interacts with immunosuppressants
• May not be suitable for autoimmune conditions
• People report headaches and insomnia from higher doses
• Most conditions require intravenous application

Potentially Active Chemical Constituents

Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituents in Astragalus and responsible for the antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory capabilities of this herb [R].

It also has several saponins, called Astragalosides (I to X) which are known for their ability to lower cholesterol and boost the immune system [R].

Astragalus also contains flavonoids which show antioxidative qualities and help prevent heart disease and immunodeficiency. Other constituents include amino acids, folic acid, etc and minerals like selenium, zinc, and copper [R].

Traditional Uses

In the Chinese medicinal system, Astragalus is indicated for spleen deficiency symptoms like diarrhea, fatigue, spontaneous sweating and lack of appetite.

Other traditional indications include wasting disorders (a process in which disease causes muscle and fat tissue to “waste” away), night sweats, chronic ulcerations and sores, numbness and paralysis of the limbs and edema [R].

Astragalus is also traditionally used as an antidiarrheal or a laxative and for the treatment of common cold

The post 8 Astragalus Health Benefits + Dosage & Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Saffron Tea?

Overview

Saffron, also known as Za’faran, is a spice collected from the Crocus sativus plant. Alluding to its yellow color and high cost, saffron is often referred to as the “Golden Spice.” It has been used as a seasoning in food and as a coloring agent for over 4 millennia [R].

The Crocus sativus flower consists of thread-like, crimson-colored structures known as stigmas. The stigmas are collected and dried, resulting in the saffron spice [R].

The popularity of saffron has spread from the Middle East across the globe. Some people stick to using saffron as a culinary spice, while others opt-in for supplements.

But a handful of people want to enjoy the refreshing and strong taste of carefully prepared saffron tea. This article is for you!

Saffron tea is an infusion made with the saffron spice (dried saffron stigmas) and boiling water. Various herbs are also usually added to balance its taste, along with honey, coconut milk, or whatever suits your taste buds. As long as you get real saffron, you can’t go wrong.

So let’s take a look at what saffron tea might be good for, how to make sure you’re getting high-quality saffron (instead of a cheaper plant substitute like safflower or cornsilk), and how to prepare delicious saffron tea!

Traditional and Modern Uses

Historically, saffron was used in traditional medicine  as a remedy for a variety of ailments including:

• Asthma
• Cramps
• Stress
• Congestion

Similarly, saffron was often included in various preparations used for pain relief [R].

In modern medicine, saffron has gained popularity for its wide range of therapeutic applications, including but not limited to [R, R]:

• Boosting low mood
• Anxiety relief
• Treatment of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
• Insulin resistance
• Diabetes
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Learning disabilities

However, only a few high-quality, large-scale clinical trials of saffron have been carried out. Most of its modern uses still lack proper evidence.

The chemical signature of saffron is complex: scientists have discovered over 150 compounds in this spice. The most significant to its potential benefits, taste, and smell are crocin, picrocrocin,

The post What is Saffron Tea Good For? + Recipe & Uses appeared first on SelfHacked.

If you’re mainly interested in homeopathic belladonna remedies, check out this post.

What Are Belladonna Alkaloids?

Snapshot

Proponents

• May help with menopausal complaints, flu-like symptoms, and migraines

Skeptics

• Toxic at very low doses
• Risk of serious adverse effects
• Interactions with anticholinergic drugs
• Insufficient evidence for several benefits
• Safer and more effective remedies are available for most uses

Anticholinergic Compounds

Belladonna is very poisonous. It contains up to 20 different alkaloids. Its alkaloids are anticholinergics, substances that block the “rest-and-digest” action of acetylcholine in the body. One of the main active compounds is hyoscyamine, which is converted into a mixture called atropine in the body [R, R].

Cholinergic activity in the body is generally beneficial, as opposed to fight-or-flight overdrive. However, blocking cholinergic activity is beneficial for some diseases, especially when it comes to respiratory disorders. Belladonna can be used to relax blocked airways, relieve headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and menopausal symptoms [R, R, R, R].

The plant uses the main active compounds of Belladonna, its alkaloids, as a defense against animals tempted to eat the plant. The roots contain approximately 0.7 % alkaloids, while the leaves contain slightly less (0.04%). The most abundant ones are [R, R, R]:

• Hyoscyamine
• Atropine (or apoatropine)
• Scopolamine

Some other less concentrated alkaloids in the roots and leaves include:

• Cuscohygrine
• Aposcopolamine

In the seeds, the alkaloid content is approximately 0.06% and the most abundant ones are atropine and scopolamine [R, R].

Ripe Belladonna fruits contain approximately 2 mg alkaloids per berry, with atropine accounting for up to 98% [R].

Consuming 2 – 5 berries or a single leaf can be fatal. Most cases of poisoning occur from eating the berries, either by mistaking them for blueberries or to cause deliberate self-harm. Unintentional poisoning from herbal extracts has also been reported [R].

Mechanism of

The post Medical Uses of Belladonna Plant Alkaloids Drug & Extract appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Yarrow Essential Oil?

Overview

Yarrow essential oil is made from common yarrow (Achillea millefolium), an aromatic plant with tiny, whitish flowers and hairy leaves. It is also known as “nosebleed plant” and belongs to the same family as dandelions and marigolds (Asteraceae) [R+, R+].

People traditionally use yarrow for various health complaints, such as [R+, R, R+, R+, R+, R+]:

• Digestive issues
• Wounds, bites, and nosebleeds
• Inflammation
• Infections
• Menstrual problems
• Hemorrhoids
• Water retention and high blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Liver dysfunction

Herbalists suggest that yarrow essential oil can be used similar to the more famous tea tree oil. Unlike tea tree oil, yarrow’s scent is sweet and distinctly herbal. What makes it unique is its remarkable blue color, a result of its concentrated plant pigments [R]!

Composition

Yarrow essential oil is mainly composed of terpenoids such as chamazulene, thymol, carvacrol, limonene, alpha-pinene, camphor, and borneol [R, R+, R+, R, R].

A recent analysis of yarrow essential oil from France discovered 43 volatile compounds, including germacrene-D and E-nerolidol. The oil had strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in test tubes [R].

The exact composition of the essential oil can vary depending on where it was grown.

For example, an analysis of yarrow essential oil from Quebec identified over 60 compounds, 40 of which were reported for the first time. A team in India, meanwhile, found 86 components in essential oil from the flowering parts of common yarrow growing in the wild in Kashmir; its main major compounds were also different [R, R].

It’s hard to draw any conclusions about the potential health benefits of yarrow essential oil in general. Yarrow grows in many parts of the world, where soil composition and climate are drastically different. Essential oil preparation methods may also differ. Therefore, the characteristics of the essential oil greatly vary from one preparation to another.

Better standardization of its main active compounds and more research should give us additional clues.

The post What is Yarrow Essential Oil & Does it Have Health Benefits? appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Sarsaparilla?

Plant Definition & Its Many Varieties

Sarsaparilla is the common name of a climbing plant genus called Smilax. Sarsaparillas grow well in warm and tropical regions, especially Mexico, Honduras, Jamaica, and parts of the United States. Some varieties thrive in Southeast Asia and Australia. The main species are [R+]:

• Honduran or Jamaican sarsaparilla (Smilax ornata)
• Mexican sarsaparilla (Smilax aristolochiifolia)
• Chinaroot (Smilax glabra or Smilax china)
• Sweet or Australian sarsaparilla (Smilax glyciphylla)
• Mediterranean sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera)
• Canary sarsaparilla (Smilax canariensis)

Indigenous North American people used Honduran and Mexican sarsaparilla for arthritis and skin problems such as psoriasis, eczema, and allergic reactions.

The first European explorers introduced the plant to Europe in the 16th century. They considered it a safer alternative to mercury, which was used back then for syphilis.

Note: It’s important not to confuse true sarsaparilla with other plants also called sarsaparilla such as Indian (Hemidesmus indicus) and wild (Aralia nudicaulis) sarsaparilla. Although their roots are also used in traditional medicine, these plants are not even related to sarsaparilla and their compositions are totally different [R, R].

Traditional Uses

In the 19th and early 20th century, sarsaparilla was used to “purify blood,” reduce water retention, and promote sweating. Additionally, it was considered a remedy for [R]

• Leprosy [R, R, R]
• Syphilis and other STDs [R, R, R]
• Rheumatism [R]
• Diabetes [R+]
• Weight loss [R+]

Chinaroot – the sarsaparilla most commonly used in China – has been used since the 1960s for some similar indications. It was also thought to clear vaginal and sexually transmitted infections, as well as tuberculosis and scabies. Aside from these, the root was used to improve [R+]:

• Limb

The post What is Sarsaparilla? A Plant Lost in Time + Tea Recipe appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Black Seed Oil?

Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed, black caraway, and kalonji is a flowering plant native to South Asia. Its fruit is large and contains numerous small black seeds [R].

Black seed is also sometimes called black cumin (or black cumin seed), although this can be misleading. Cumin or Cuminum cyminum is a spice with few overlapping benefits that belongs to an entirely different plant family than black seed. 

In this article, any mention of black seed or black cumin refers specifically to Nigella sativa.

Nigella sativa raw seeds, seed oil, or seed extract have been traditionally used alone or in combination with other ingredients for various health conditions, such as eczema, cough, headache, diabetes, asthma, infections, and high blood pressure [R].

Few of the claims that come from its traditional reputation in various cultures have been researched, while most others lack scientific evidence and rely on findings from studies in cells or animals [R].

Specifically, some evidence suggests that black seed oil may be beneficial in people with diabetes, asthma, high blood pressure, male infertility, and breast pain. Other purported benefits of black seed oil haven’t been sufficiently studied.

Additionally, black seed supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use. In general, dietary supplements lack solid clinical research. Regulations set manufacturing standards for supplements but don’t guarantee that they’re safe or effective. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.

What Does Black Seed Oil Do?

Traditional Uses

Black seeds have been used in Middle Eastern, Asian, and European folk medicine as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases for over 2000 years [R].

In Islamic cultures, its use has a strong religious background. Islamic literature claims that regular use of black seed is “a cure for every disease (except death),” which earned this spice the Arabic approbation “The Blessed Seed.” Black seed is also considered an important remedy in Ayurveda [R].

Black seed has a specific bitter taste and smell and is often added to confectionery and liquors. The oil can be used to add flavor to various dishes, but people also traditionally apply it on the skin as an alleged painkiller and antiseptic.

Despite its cultural significance, the traditional uses

The post How to Use Black Seed Oil + Side Effects, Dosage, Reviews appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Ashwagandha?

Like most supplements, ashwagandha is not approved by the FDA for any purpose. The evidence presented here is considered preliminary and insufficient to justify medical use [R].

To avoid unexpected interactions or other adverse events, talk to your doctor before incorporating ashwagandha into your daily regimen.

“Horse Smell”

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a member of the Solanaceae or nightshade family of plants. It goes under several other names, such as Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry, or Indian winter cherry [R].

The name Ashwagandha can be traced back to ancient Sanskrit. It translates to “smell of a horse” (ashwa “horse” and gandha “smell”) since the scent of its roots is similar to that of horse urine. Others say its name indicates it will make you “strong like a horse,” and there may be truth to this claim [R, R].

Ashwagandha is a powerful adaptogenic herb. Adaptogens increase the body’s resistance to stress, offsetting detrimental effects and helping to balance bodily functions and the immune response [R].

Traditional Uses

In the Indian traditional medicine system of Ayurveda, ashwagandha is seen as a broad-spectrum remedy. It’s classified as a Rasayana or rejuvenator. These are some of the traditional uses [R, R, R]:

• The roots are used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antiparasitic, astringent, and stimulant
• The leaves are recommended for fever and painful swelling
• The seeds are antiparasitic while the flowers are used as an astringent, diuretic, and aphrodisiac and have detoxifying effects
• The berries and tender leaves are applied externally to tumors, ulcers, and wounds
• Other useful parts are the stem, fruit, and bark

Ashwagandha root is also used to restore health in women after giving birth and to thicken and increase the nutrition of breast milk. Despite its centuries-long use in India, Ashwagandha has only recently gained scientific recognition in the West [R, R].

Active Components

Ashwagandha contains a range of active components, including a unique family of compounds called withanolides, as well as alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and resins [R, R].

Withanolides

Among Ashwagandha’s components, the most biologically active are the

The post How To Take Ashwagandha + Dosage, Reviews, Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Neem Oil?

Overview

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is an evergreen tree native to India and Myanmar (Burma), though it can also be found in other parts of Asia and Africa. The tree is also known as Indian lilac [R+, R].

The Swahili word for the tree, Mwarobaini, translates to “tree of 40”, as the tree is traditionally used to remedy 40 different diseases. In India, it’s sometimes referred to as ‘nature’s drug store’ due to its many traditional health uses [R+, R, R].

It’s been used in Ayurvedic medicine, a system of traditional medicine that originated in India, for over 4,000 years [R+].

Virtually every part of the tree, including the bark, seeds, leaves, flowers, and roots, have traditional medicinal uses. For example, chewing neem twigs is a common method for keeping the teeth clean in some rural Indian populations [R, R, R].

Neem oil usually refers to the oil obtained from neem seeds, although extracts from other parts of the tree, like the leaves, are also sometimes called ‘neem oil’. The oil has a yellow color and reportedly smells like garlic [R+, R+].

Neem oil supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use. Supplements generally lack solid clinical research. Regulations set manufacturing standards for them but don’t guarantee that they’re safe or effective. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.

How Does Neem Oil Work?

There is insufficient evidence to support the use of neem oil for any of the below-listed uses. Remember to speak with a doctor before taking neem oil and never use it as a replacement for approved medical therapies.

Neem oil can kill bacteria and fungi cells by destroying their cell walls. This bacteria-killing ability is likely how neem oil may improve acne and dandruff. It’s also why neem can be effective in products like toothpaste [R, R+, R, R].

Neem is commonly used in cosmetics. It may promote wound healing by activating the immune system and helping form new blood vessels. The antioxidants in neem likely protect the skin by scavenging free radicals that

The post What Is Neem Oil & Is it Safe? + How to Use appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Are Digestive Bitters?

Digestive bitters broadly include all herbs or supplements with a bitter taste. Their bitterness stimulates digestive juices to help the body overcome gut problems such as indigestion, bloating, heartburn, nausea, and more. A number of bitters have been used for hundreds of years across the world to promote digestive health.

Digestive enzymes and bile acid supplements became more popular over the years, slowly pushing bitters out of the picture. Digestive enzymes are presented as more advanced targeted products, while bile supplements are regarded as more potent. While both can certainly improve digestion by making up for a physiological lack of gut enzymes and bile acids, they are only a temporary solution. Neither will stimulate your gut to re-establish healthy digestion.

Over time, you may even get into a state of constantly requiring bile and digestive enzymes to properly digest food. You may be happy enough that anything at all is working to improve your digestion but you’re probably also aware that you haven’t arrived at an ideal solution. Long-term, the goal of natural remedies should be to bring you back into a state of health and balance, not to keep you dependent on numerous supplements.

That’s where bitters come in! These herbs are gentle and beneficial in the long run. By incorporating bitters into your diet or supplement regime, you are telling your gut (and brain!) to gradually produce more digestive juices. Often times, this crucial difference between digestive enzymes and bile supplements, on the one hand, and herbal bitters, on the other, goes unnoticed.

Of course, you will need to take into account many other factors if you want to get to the bottom of your indigestion issues. These will often also involve adapting your diet, working on food sensitivities, reducing inflammation, stress, circadian rhythm disruptions, and others. Learning how to use bitters and discussing it with your doctor can be one additional step in the right direction.

Snapshot

Proponents

• May improve digestion and support gut health
• May stimulate the release of stomach acid, digestive enzymes, and bile
• May increase the absorption of nutrients
• Versatile, easy to find and incorporate into a daily routine

Skeptics

• Many bitters with varying effects exist
• Not all traditional health benefits have been scientifically

The post 4 Surprising Benefits of Bitters (incl. For Digestion) appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Rhodiola rosea?

Rhodiola rosea is a flowering plant that grows in very cold climates and at high altitudes. Its root has been used in traditional medicine in the Caucasus Mountains, Scandinavia, China, and Russia, where practitioners believe that it can improve focus and endurance in both body and mind [R, R].

Other species closely related to R. rosea are also used in traditional medicine. These include Rhodiola imbricata, Rhodiola algida, and Rhodiola crenulata. Together, these herbs are best known as adaptogens: substances that help combat stress. However, Rhodiola roots and extracts are also being investigated for other potential cognitive and physical benefits [R, R, R].

For more about the potential benefits of rhodiola, check out this post.

Rhodiola has many other names: in China, it is called hóng jǐng tiān. Elsewhere, it may be called rosenroot, rose root, Arctic root, golden root, or king’s crown. In French, it is l’orpin rose [R, R, R, R, R].

Active Components

Salidroside

Salidroside, also known as rhodioloside, is considered to be the most important bioactive molecule in Rhodiola rosea. It is likely responsible for Rhodiola’s effects on the brain [R, R].

Rosavin

Rosavin has many of the same properties and mechanisms as salidroside, but seems to require a higher dose to produce the same effect [R].

Tyrosol

Tyrosol is present in standardized Rhodiola rosea extracts, but it often goes unlabeled on commercial supplements. Tyrosol is an antioxidant and may also contribute to Rhodiola’s beneficial properties [R].

Mechanisms of Action

Rhodiola is an important herb in traditional medicine in parts of Europe and Asia. According to practitioners, it helps people with stress, anxiety, fatigue, depression, brain fog, burnout, and heart problems. It’s also used to boost the immune system and increase lifespan [R, R].

That’s an awfully long list – does the research back it up? You might not be surprised to hear that

The post What is Rhodiola Rosea Root Extract? + Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Eleuthero?

Definition

Also known as Siberian ginseng, eleuthero is an herb with the scientific names Eleutherococcus senticosus or Acanthopanax senticosus. Around the world, it may also be called Ciwujia, Shigoka, Goka, Ezoukogi, or Kan Jang (when combined with green chiretta). It is a staple of traditional medicine in the Far East, especially in China, Korea, and eastern Russia [R, R, R, R, R, R].

According to these traditions, eleuthero is an adaptogen: a substance that keeps the body functioning normally under stress [R].

Eleuthero belongs to the same plant family as Asian and American ginseng (Araliaceae). However, Asian and American ginseng both belong to a different genus further up the botanical tree called Panax, while eleuthero belongs to Eleutherococcus. Being a distant cousin of these other ginsengs, eleuthero contains a different set of bioactive compounds [R].

Eleuthero is a flowering shrub. Its root, bark, leaves, and berries all contain bioactive compounds that may have positive health effects [R, R].

Components

The roots, berries, and leaves of eleuthero each contain multiple bioactive compounds. The specific compounds in each part of the plant may be different, and so their health benefits may also vary. Most studies on the health benefits of eleuthero focus on the root and bark [R].

Eleuthero berries contain high levels of antioxidants and potential cancer-fighting compounds; they are also high in important minerals like potassium, calcium, and magnesium. These berries have long been added to fermented wines in China and Russia [R].

Eleutherosides

The most important bioactive compounds in eleuthero belong to a chemical family called eleutherosides; these are eleutherosides A through E. Of these, the ones with the greatest effect are eleutherosides B (syringin) and E [R].

These two compounds are being investigated for anticancer and anti-diabetic effects [R].

Sesamin

Sesamin is an active compound that was first discovered in sesame seeds. Sesamin from eleuthero may help protect nerve and brain cells from damage. Sesamin may also improve liver function and reduce

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What is Milk Thistle (Silymarin)?

Overview

Milk thistle is a relative of dandelion and regular artichoke. Sometimes it’s called “wild artichoke.” This herb is native to Southern Europe, Russia, Asia, and Africa and is now also cultivated throughout the world [R, R, R].

The seed-like fruits of the plant are used medicinally. Traditionally, though, the leaves were used in salads and the fruit of the flower roasted as a coffee substitute [R, R, R].

Silymarin is a mix of active components that are highly concentrated in a standardized extract of milk thistle seeds [R].

How much do we know?

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant that belongs to a large family of flowering plants (Asteraceae).

It has been used traditionally for thousands of years as a “liver elixir” for a variety of diseases to do with liver dysfunction or gallbladder problems. Despite its long-standing use, clinical evidence about its effectiveness for these uses is lacking [R].

It has also been researched for its effects on protecting the liver against snake poison, insect stings, mushroom poisoning, and alcohol abuse. Nonetheless, these uses also lack solid clinical data [R, R, R].

In line with this, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCIH) concluded that little is known about whether milk thistle is effective in people, as only a few well-designed clinical studies have been conducted [R].

Traditional Uses

In the US, milk thistle is among the most popular herbal supplements. It’s also commonly used in other parts of the world, especially in Germany – the largest producer of milk thistle (Madaus). The German Scientific Board recommends its use for indigestion, toxin-induced liver damage, cirrhosis, and liver inflammation [R, R, R].

Milk thistle is a good example of traditional plant uses being put to scientific scrutiny. Although over 70 low-quality human studies in total have been published, few high-quality clinical trials have investigated the health benefits of milk thistle.

Despite insufficient evidence from clinical trials, milk thistle extracts and its main active component (silybin) have been regarded as remedies for liver diseases in Europe solely

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What is Tribulus Terrestris?

Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) is a plant that grows in the Mediterranean and in subtropical and desert regions around the world, including India, Vietnam, China, Spain, Mexico, and Bulgaria. This common weed is particularly well-adapted to warm, dry regions. It got its nicknames “puncture vine” and “devil’s thorn” from the spikes that cover its fruits [R, R].

Although there are over 25 species of tribulus plants, most of the research focused on Tribulus terrestris [R, R].

For more about the active components and mechanism of action of tribulus, plus the side effects and potential risks of supplementation, check out this post.

Purported Benefits of Tribulus Terrestris

The benefits in this section will all refer to the most well-studied species, Tribulus Terrestris, as tribulus.

Possibly Effective For

1) Libido and Sexual Function

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) or sexual dysfunction is a condition that reduces a person’s interest in sex. People who suffer from it have a lack of sexual fantasies and desire that causes distress and relationship issues. It affects up to 30% of women and 15% of men [R].

Many factors can affect HSDD, and some doctors will consider supplements alongside lifestyle and psychological interventions. Some evidence suggests that tribulus is a potential supplement option for both sexes. More evidence supports its use in women with reduced sexual desire or other types of sexual dysfunction [R].

In two trials of 76 women with reduced sexual desire, taking 750 mg/day tribulus for up to 4 months improved libido, orgasm, and satisfaction from sex. Another trial of 30 women found similar results using lower doses of a tribulus extract (7.5 mg/day) for 4 weeks [R, R, R].

In two studies of 90 women with sexual dysfunction, taking 750 mg/day tribulus improved sexual function and libido. This suggests tribulus might be effective in both premenopausal and menopausal women [R, R].

Interestingly, tribulus may also increase sexual function in men – mainly by increasing desire and helping men overcome erectile dysfunction (ED).

In a 12-week trial of 172 men with ED and reduced sexual desire, taking a higher dose of tribulus (1,500 mg/day) improved satisfaction from sex, orgasm, and libido. Two other

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What Is Belladonna?

“All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison.”

This 500-year-old principle of toxicology from the Swiss physician and chemist Paracelsus precisely describes the effects of belladonna (Atropa belladonna). It sheds light on why this unusual plant can be both a deadly poison and a healing remedy.

Belladonna, also known as deadly nightshade and devil’s cherries, is an herb belonging to the same family as tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, and Jimsonweed (Solanaceae). It can be recognized by its purple, bell-shaped flowers and cherry-like, blackberries. Native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, belladonna is also sometimes cultivated as an ornamental plant in the US [R, R].

Belladonna is very poisonous. It contains up to 20 different alkaloids. Its alkaloids are anticholinergics, substances that block the “rest-and-digest” action of acetylcholine in the body. One of the main active compounds is hyoscyamine, which is converted into a mixture called atropine in the body [R, R].

Cholinergic activity in the body is generally beneficial, as opposed to fight-or-flight overdrive. However, blocking cholinergic activity is beneficial for some diseases, especially when it comes to respiratory disorders. Belladonna can be used to relax blocked airways, relieve headaches, irritable bowel syndrome, and menopausal symptoms [R, R, R, R].

The therapeutic potential of belladonna was explored in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Belladonna and its alkaloids were used to improve conditions such as:

• Asthma [R, R]
• Pneumonia [R, R]
• Parkinson’s disease [R, R]
• Huntington’s disease [R, R]
• Motion sickness [R]
• Scarlet fever [R]
• Bowel obstruction [R, R]
• Indigestion [R]
• Diabetes insipidus, a rare condition caused by problems with a chemical called vasopressin [R, R]
• Joint and nerve pain [

The post Homeopathic Belladonna: What is it & Does it Work? appeared first on SelfHacked.

What is Horsetail?

Overview

Horsetail (Equisetum) got its name due to its resemblance to the tail of a horse.

Out of 15 horsetail species, common horsetail (Equisetum Arvense) is best known for its health benefits. It is native to North America, Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Other horsetail species are recently gaining popularity around the world. Giant horsetail (Equisetum giganteum) is found only in Latin America [R].

However, there is insufficient evidence to rate the effectiveness of horsetail for most uses. Proper clinical studies are needed to determine the purported health benefits of horsetail. With this in mind, we’ll discuss the studies that have been published so far and point out the directions future research may take.

Additionally, horsetail supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use. In general, dietary supplements lack solid clinical research. Regulations set manufacturing standards for supplements but don’t guarantee that they’re safe or effective. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.

Traditional Use

The aerial parts of the plant are used for their health benefits. Ancient Romans used horsetail as food, medicine, and animal feed. In fact, people eat horsetail as a salad in some parts of Europe [R, R].

Horsetail was historically prepared as a juice, tea, or tincture for treating many diseases. It’s best known in folk medicine for treating swelling, weight loss, diabetes, bladder disease, kidney disease, arthritis, tuberculosis, and other infections [R].

Horsetail is being studied for bone, oral, hair, and nail health. This is because horsetail is actually the most abundant source of silica in the plant world [R, R, R, R, R, R].

Horsetail ointment can be applied to heal wounds, stop bleeding, prevent infection, and reduce pain [R].

Components of Horsetail

Horsetail is rich in beneficial compounds that fight inflammation and infections. It also contains vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber.

The exact chemical composition varies depending on the following [R, R, R]:

• Species
• Geographical origin
• Extraction process
• Season
• Processing method and storage

The post What is Horsetail? Supplement Use & Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Arnica?

Arnica (Arnica montana L.), also known as mountain daisy, mountain tobacco, and leopard’s bane, is a plant with orange-yellow flowers that belongs to the same family as sunflowers, dandelions, daisies, and marigolds (Asteraceae) [R, R].

Arnica grows best at an altitude of 500 – 2,500 meters and is native to the meadows and mountainous regions of Europe, western North America, and northern Asia. Because arnica is endangered in several European countries, its cultivation has increased but the harvesting of wild plants is not allowed [R, R].

The plant has been used for centuries to reduce the inflammation and pain of [R, R]:

• Sprains
• Contusions
• Bruises
• Wounds

Today, herbal and homeopathic arnica preparations are applied to the skin for [R, R]:

• Soft tissue injuries (e.g., smashed fingers)
• Sprains, strains, fractures, and contusions
• Arthritis
• Muscle soreness
• Post-surgical bruises and swelling

Arnica can also be formulated in oral homeopathic pills that are mainly used for [R]:

• Mouth, gum, and throat inflammation
• Headaches
• Diabetic eye damage
• Post-surgical bruises and swelling
• Muscle soreness

The German Commission E has only approved the use of topical arnica (creams, gels, ointments) for injuries, consequences of accidents, and inflammation (mouth and throat, insect bites, boils, veins). The FDA considers oral arnica unsafe due to its toxicity and the Canadian Government prohibits its use as a food ingredient [R, R].

It’s important not to confound Arnica montana with other plants popularly known as “arnicas”, such as Brazilian (Solidago chilensis and Lychnophora spp.) and Mexican (Heterotheca inuloides) arnicas. They belong to the same family and are also used in traditional medicine, but may have different active compounds and applications [R, R, R].

What is Homeopathic Arnica?

Arnica is often used as a homeopathic remedy. Homeopathic remedies are prepared by diluting the active compound with alcohol or water several times. The FDA doesn’t approve homeopathic arnica (or any

The post Homeopathic Arnica Pills & Tea: 2 Uses + Do They Work? appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Dong Quai?

Dong quai (當歸, also spelled danggui) is the dried root of Angelica sinensis, a plant belonging to the same family as carrots, parsley, and celery (Umbelliferae). It’s also known as Chinese angelica. The plant is native to the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu and also grows wild in mountainous areas of China, Korea, and Japan [R, R, R].

Dong quai has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years [R, R].

Today, dong quai is used both in Eastern and Western countries. Dong quai is often called “female ginseng” due to its most common use for gynecological and hormonal imbalances in women, such as [R, R]:

• Menopausal complaints (hot flashes, sweating, sleep disturbances, mood swings)
• Menstrual cycle disorders (menstrual cramps, absent or irregular periods)
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Recovery from blood loss after childbirth

Dong Quai vs Other Similar Plants

It’s important not to confuse dong quai, which is Angelica sinensis, with two closely related plants also called danggui and used in traditional Asian medicine: Angelica gigas and Angelica acutiloba. Both have lower levels of some active compounds (ligustilide, ferulic acid, and coniferyl ferulate) and more coumarins than dong quai, so their uses may differ [R, R].

Unfortunately, these and other plants (Levisticum officinale and other Angelica species such as A. nitida, valida, and megaphylla) are sometimes also used to adulterate dong quai products [R, R].

Active Compounds

The main active compounds of dong quai include [R, R, R, R, R]:

• Ferulic and other organic acids
• Ligustilide (and other similar phthalides)
• Complex sugars
• Vitamins, amino acids, and nucleosides

Of these, ferulic acid and ligustilide are the most active ones and are widely used to evaluate the quality of dong quai products. Products should contain at least 0.05% ferulic acid and 0.1-0.6%

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What Are Hops?

Hops are the female flowers of hop (Humulus lupulus L.), a climbing plant belonging to the same family as hemp (Cannabaceae). Hop most likely originated in China, Southern Caucasus and Siberia, or Mesopotamia, from where it spread to Japan, America, and Central Europe [R, R].

Due to its role in beer brewing, which accounts for 98% of its use, hop is nowadays cultivated in all warmer regions. The different compounds in hops add a bitter flavor to beer, prevent the growth of unwanted microorganisms during the brewing process, and stabilize foam [R].

Hops in Traditional Medicine

Hops have long been used in traditional medicine, especially for [R, R]:

• Insomnia
• Nervousness
• Restlessness
• Lack of appetite
• Digestive issues
• Painful teeth, ears, and nerves
• Headache
• Rheumatism
• Tuberculosis
• Silicosis
• Asbestosis
• Leprosy
• Pneumonia
• Kidney stones and urinary inflammation
• Water retention
• Spasms
• Skin ulcers and injuries
• Foot odor
• Constipation
• Blood ‘purification’

However, many of these uses remain scientifically unproven.

In 2003, the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy approved the use of hops as a remedy for mood disorders such as [R, R]:

• Excitability
• Anxiety
• Restlessness
• Sleep disturbances

Due to this, research has recently focused on identifying the main biologically active compounds present in hops [R].

Although they are not approved by the FDA, supplements containing hops extract are marketed for improving mood disorders and menopausal symptoms. Some commercial brand names are [R, R]:

• Melcalin HOPs
• MenoHop

Components

The main active components of the hop plant are found in the female flowers. Volatile oils, bitter acids, and prenylflavonoids are produced by hair-shaped glands, while the rest of flavonoid types are most abundant in seeds and specialized leaves [R, R].

The volatile oils of hops (0.3-1% of hops weight) are very rich in terpenoids, especially [R, R]:

• Myrcene
• β-Caryophyllene

The post What are Hops? Plant & Extract Components & Side Effects appeared first on SelfHacked.

What Is Fenugreek?

Fenugreek is a leafy green legume native to Eurasia and Africa that is widely used for its nutritional and aromatic value [R].

For almost six thousand years, traditional healers in Africa and Asia have claimed that it eases labor, alleviates digestive problems, and improves skin conditions such as boils, eczema, and inflammation [R, R, R].

Fenugreek goes by many names around the world. It is methi in Hindi, hulba in Arabic, moshoseitaro in Greek, uluva in Malayalam, shoot in Hebrew, and dari in Persian. Fenugreek is a common ingredient in spice powders in Indian cuisine. It is used fresh in salads and cooked or dried in other dishes [R].

Today, it is most often taken by athletes, diabetics, and people who struggle to maintain normal levels of fat in their blood [R].

Nutrition Facts

Fenugreek oil contains a high concentration of polyunsaturated fats (approximately 84%). According to some studies, people who eat a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats (compared to saturated and monounsaturated fats) may have healthier hearts and better blood vessel repair after injury [R].

Fenugreek is also rich in dietary fiber, which accounts for between 45 and 50% of the seeds by weight. Diets high in fiber support good overall health, aid digestion, and reduce blood fat and sugar [R].

Each tablespoon of fenugreek seed contains approximately 7 g of fiber, 3.6 g of protein, and 1.1 g of fats. It also contains many nutrients, including [R]:

• 1.7 – 6 mg of vitamin C
• 47.6 μg of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
• 0.04 – 0.05 mg of vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
• 0.84 mg of vitamin B3 (niacin)
• 0.08 mg of vitamin B6
• 0.33 mg of zinc
• 0.13 mg of copper
• 3.6 mg of iron

It may not sound like much, but those are significant amounts in terms of daily recommended intakes.

Consider, for example, that the National Institutes of Health recommends that

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What is Vanilla?

Vanilla is an extract from the vanilla bean. It has many culinary and cosmetic uses. However, vanilla and its flavoring extracts also have potential health effects worth further research. For example, the extract vanillin has been studied for its potential role in the management of sickle cell anemia.

Antimicrobial Properties

Vanillin shows antimicrobial properties against E Coli and Listeria [R].

Biofilms are microbial films that are embedded in a self-produced matrix [R].

Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria produce and detect signal molecules and thereby coordinate their behavior. Vanilla is a unique quorum sensing inhibitor and this may help break up biofilms [R].

Antioxidant Properties

Extracts of vanilla pods scavenged radicals in a concentration-dependent manner [R].

Various extracts scavenged hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals [R].

Treatment with vanillin ameliorated impaired mitochondrial enzyme complexes (I, II, and IV) in the animal model of Huntington’s disease. Further, it could inhibit singlet oxygen-induced protein and lipid oxidation [R].

The effect on oxidation is similar to Vitamin C but less effective than glutathione [R].

Vanilla inhibited the oxidation of LDL cholesterol in rats [R].

Other

Vanillin shows dose-dependent inhibition of deoxygenation-induced cell sickling, which might help for sickle cell anemia [R].

Oral vanillin decreased the percentage of sickled red blood cells in 30 patients with sickle-cell anemia [R].

Until more research is done, we can’t make any conclusions about the therapeutic potential of vanillin in sickle-cell anemia. Additionally, vanilla extract likely wouldn’t produce the same effects.

Side Effects and Risks

Vanilla is generally safe and well-tolerated in the amounts usually present in food. Vanillin at extreme doses may have some carcinogenic effects. An animal study on vanillin safety concludes [R]:

“Vanillin was not cocarcinogenic when consumed orally. However, it was cocarcinogenic when being administered intraperitoneally at high concentrations. Hence, the use of vanillin in food should be safe but might have cocarcinogenic potential when it is used in high concentration for therapeutic purposes.”

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